辽河流域与英国中部河湖水体中溶解有机质的荧光特性

运用三维荧光光谱技术对辽河流域和英国中部水体中溶解有机质(DOM)的荧光光谱特性进行了分析.结果表明,辽河流域各研究水体中DOM包含4种荧光组分,即类色氨酸、类酪氨酸、可见光区和紫外光区类腐殖质,通过对荧光特性定量指标的分析可知,辽河流域各研究断面水体中类腐殖质物质内源作用大于陆源,DOM具有较强的新近自生源,各河流水体中DOM腐殖化程度顺序为:浑河中游海城河中游蒲河下游太子河下游.相比之下,英国河湖中,除了River Tame含有以上4种荧光组分外,其它水体中均没有发现类酪氨酸荧光物质,甚至在River Tern中仅含有类腐殖质荧光物质,河湖中DOM含有较少的新近自生源组分,以陆源影响为主.另外,辽河流域水体中类蛋白与类腐殖质荧光峰强度比值大于英国各河流水体的平均值.由此可以推断,辽河流域各研究断面大量污染物的输入,是造成其严重内源污染的主要原因,从而使水体中DOM含量增加,英国各河流断面其DOM主要来自于水体本身存在的大量微生物和浮游植物的代谢活动以及土壤有机质经雨水的冲刷流入水体的贡献.     

污水处理厂污泥水溶解性有机物的光谱特性分析

污泥水是污水处理厂污泥浓缩、稳定、脱水等环节产生的废水,具有污染物浓度高、成分复杂的特点.采用三维荧光光谱和红外光谱研究了污泥水中溶解性有机物(DOM)的光谱特性.污泥水荧光性DOM(FDOM)可利用平行因子分析划分为6个荧光组分,分别为类蛋白质组分C1(275/355 nm)、C4(235/350 nm)和C6(275/305 nm),及类腐殖酸组分C2(250,340/440nm)、C3(320/380 nm)和C5(250/465 nm).重力浓缩和机械浓缩污泥水中COD与所有类腐殖酸组分均正显著相关(P0.01),类蛋白质组分对其影响不大.离心脱水污泥水中组分C1、C4和C5含量明显上升.深度脱水污泥水中FDOM荧光峰位置和强度与其它污泥水存在显著差异,C3和C6分别较离心脱水污泥水升高15.63和7.30倍.与浓缩污泥水相比,离心脱水污泥水中多糖和腐殖酸吸收峰增强,而深度脱水污泥水中蛋白质大量释放,金属离子会与腐殖酸和蛋白质络合引起DOM结构变化.     

土壤溶解性有机质荧光特征及其与铜的络合能力

选取4种不同类型土壤和腐熟鸡粪,透析提取溶解性有机质(DOM),通过凝胶色谱、三维荧光光谱测定并分析了DOM的相对分子质量(M_r)分布、化学结构特征及其与铜的结合能力.结果表明,鸡粪DOM相对分子质量积分面积远高于其他样品,表现出其具有较高的有机物含量,泥炭土次之.暗棕壤、褐土和黑土较低,仅为鸡粪积分面积的4.5%~5%.鸡粪在中分子量段积分面积约占总物质的34.1%,低分子量段和高分子量段分别约占41.7%和24.2%.荧光光谱分析表明,各样品均出现类蛋白荧光峰(E_x/E_m=240~270/300~350 nm),在中、高分子量段(M_r500)暗棕壤存在的荧光峰消失.泥炭土出现了较为独特的可见光区类富里酸荧光峰(E_x/E_m=325/420 nm),该荧光峰和黑土的荧光峰在中、高分子量段(M_r500)都产生了红移现象.鸡粪分别出现了和黑土类似的紫外区类富里酸荧光峰,以及和泥炭土类似的可见光区类富里酸荧光峰,以及一类独特的类蛋白荧光峰(E_x/E_m=280/350 nm),但这种类蛋白荧光峰在中分子量段(500M_r12 000)消失.分析表明泥炭土与Cu的络合常数(lg K)为4.13,其他3种土壤与Cu的络合常数较小且差别不大,集中在2.10~3.10之间.鸡粪与Cu的结合能力最大,络合常数达到6.66.     

长江口及邻近海域春夏季有色溶解有机物时空分布特征及主要影响因素

利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)-平行因子(PARAFAC)分析技术对长江口及邻近海域春季(2015年3月)和夏季(2015年7月)有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的荧光组成及分布特征进行分析.共识别出2类4个荧光组分,即类腐殖质组分C1(370/495nm)、C2(330/405 nm)、C3(365/440 nm)及类蛋白质组分C4(295/345 nm).春夏季各层4个荧光组分分布模式基本一致,从长江口到邻近海域逐渐降低.春季类腐殖质组分的高值区分布在长江口内,而类蛋白组分高值区位于南槽附近区域,表层的CDOM主要来源于陆源输入和人类活动;中层荧光强度值比表层低,受陆源影响减弱;底层荧光强度值比中层略高,是由沉积物再悬浮造成的.各荧光组分在岱山县附近海域均有一个较高值,这与岛上的居民活动有关.夏季荧光组分高值区与春季相似,各层荧光组分值接近,说明夏季研究区域水体混合较均匀.春夏季腐殖化指数(HIX)在长江口较高,而生物指数(BIX)在邻近海域较高.将4个荧光组分(C1~C4)、吸收系数(a355)与盐度(S)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)、溶解氧(DO)做冗余分析.结果表明,4个荧光组分(C1~C4)与总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)主要受陆源输入、人类活动的影响,溶解有机碳(DOC)受陆源与海源的共同影响.本文利用三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析(EEMs-PARAFAC)技术结合多元统计方法解析了CDOM组成,清晰揭示了长江口及邻近海域CDOM的来源及主要影响因子,可为河口海域生源要素海洋生物地球化学研究提供有益的补充.     

同源地人工湖水体和底泥中有机物组成及有机结构的分析研究

采用XAD-8大孔吸附树脂对水体和底泥中的有机物进行组分分离,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)和三维荧光光谱(3DEEMs)对自然水体和底泥中的疏水酸(腐殖酸、富里酸)、疏水碱、疏水中性物质和亲水物质进行表征和对比.结果表明,水体中有机物含量:亲水物质富里酸腐殖酸疏水碱疏水中性物质,底泥中有机物的含量为:腐殖酸富里酸亲水物质疏水碱疏水中性物质.根据红外、紫外、三维荧光光谱可知底泥中有机物的芳香程度、不饱和程度及分子量大小略高于水体有机物.根据荧光指数(FI)和自生源指标(BIX)可知,底泥和水体的腐殖酸和富里酸主要来源于陆生动植物和土壤有机质,而其余物质主要源于细菌和藻类活动.     

工业过程CO气体浓度检测技术

工业过程中在线对CO气体的分析测量,对钢铁冶金企业能源气回收、环保节能具有重要的作用。提出了近红外CO浓度检测系统,根据光谱吸收原理,采用双光束气体浓度检测技术。系统选用近红外光源和探测器,与传统的中红外波长工作器件相比,成本得以降低。     

The structure of the fire fighting foam surfactant Forafac®1157 and its biological and photolytic transformation products

For several decades, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has widely been used as a fluorinated surfactant in aqueous film forming foams used as hydrocarbon fuel fire extinguishers. Due to concerns regarding its environmental persistence and toxicological effects, PFOS has recently been replaced by novel fluorinated surfactants such as Forafac®1157, developed by the DuPont company. The major component of Forafac®1157 is a 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB), and a link between the trade name and the exact chemical structure is presented here to the scientific community for the first time. In the present work, the structure of the 6:2 FTAB was elucidated by ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁹F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Moreover, its major metabolites from blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and its photolytic transformation products were identified. Contrary to what has earlier been observed for PFOS, the 6:2 FTAB was extensively metabolized by blue mussel and turbot exposed to Forafac®1157. The major metabolite was a deacetylated betaine species, from which mono- and di-demethylated metabolites also were formed. Another abundant metabolite was the 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide. In another experiment, Forafac®1157 was subjected to UV-light induced photolysis. The experimental conditions aimed to simulate Arctic conditions and the deacetylated species was again the primary transformation product of 6:2 FTAB. A 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide was also formed along with a non-identified transformation product. The environmental presence of most of the metabolites and transformation products was qualitatively demonstrated by analysis of soil samples taken in close proximity to an airport fire training facility.     

A Monte Carlo study of radon detection in cylindrical diffusion chambers

The functioning of radon diffusion chambers was studied using the Monte Carlo code RAMMX developed here. The alpha particles from radon are assumed randomly produced in the volume of the cylinder, and those from the progeny are assumed to originate randomly at the cylindrical surface. The energy spectrum, the distribution of incident angles, and the distribution of path lengths of the alpha particles on the detector were obtained. These quantities vary depending on input parameters such as initial alpha particle energy, radius and depth of the diffusion chamber, detector size and atmospheric pressure. The calculated energy spectrum for both ²²²Rn and ²²⁰Rn was compared with experiment, permitting the identification of each peak and its origin, and a better understanding of radon monitoring. Three aspects not considered in previous calculations are progeny alphas coming from surfaces of the monitor, taking into account the atmospheric pressure, and including the isotope ²²⁰Rn.     

Adsorption of As(III) on chitosan-Fe-crosslinked complex (Ch-Fe)

It was reported the adsorption of As(III) on the surface of the chitosan-Fe-crosslinked complex. Theoretical correlation of the experimental equilibrium adsorption data for As(III)/Ch-Fe system is best explained by the non-linearized form Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm model. At optimum conditions, pH 9.0, the maximum adsorption capacity, calculated using the Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm model was 13.4 mg g⁻¹. The adsorption kinetics of As(III) onto Ch-Fe are described by the pseudo-first-order kinetic equation. The results of the Mössbauer spectroscopy showed that there is no redox process on the surface of the adsorbent.     

Formation of Soluble Complexes of Metals with Humic Acid and Its Environmental Significance

In order to investigate the role of functional groups present in humic acid(s) (HA) during complex formation, water soluble complexes between HA isolated from soil and metals (Pb, Ca, As, Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn, Mg and Zn) were prepared and subjected to infrared (IR) spectroscopy. the IR data revealed the involvement of the - OH group of humic acid in complex formation with all metals except copper and arsenic, whereas the - COOH group of HA was found to be the preferred site of binding for all the metals. the significance of findings in relation to detoxification of environmental pollutants is discussed in this paper.